Whats a Good PSAT Score for a Junior

What's a Good PSAT Score for a Junior SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The PSAT is a significant test making a course for school. Your scorespredict how you'll do on the SAT. Additionally, top scorers can gain qualifications and grants from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). So how would you know whether your PSAT scores are acceptable? While what considers a decent score variesdepending on your own objectives, we can offer a progressively target response to this inquiry by considering PSAT score percentiles.But first, how about we survey how the PSAT is scored. How Is the PSAT Scored? The PSATisscoredbetween320 and 1520. Math countsfor half thecomposite score with a scope of 160-760. The Reading and Writing segments arescored together (and called Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, or EBRW) with that equivalent range, 160-760. Test takers additionally geta progressively itemized score report of each segment from 8 to 38. There's a simple stunt for changing over this segment score (likewise called a grade) to a scaled score.For Math, just increase your area score by 20.For Reading and Writing, include your segment scores together, and afterward duplicate the whole by 10. At the point when you take the PSAT and get your score report back, you'll seepercentilesalong with your scores. By taking a gander at these percentiles, you can decide how serious your PSAT scores are. At the end of the day, we can respond to the inquiry, What makes a decent PSAT score for a lesser? by taking a gander at percentiles. Percentiles contrast your segment and composite scores and those of other PSAT test takers. On the off chance that your Math score falls in the 70th percentile, you've scored higher than 70% of test takers. (What's more, the other 30% scored higher than you.)Basically, the higher your percentile is, the better your score will be contrasted with every other person's scores. What's a Good PSAT Score for a Junior? We can characterize agood PSAT score as one that is higher than the 75th percentile.This implies you scored higher than 75% of all otherPSAT test takers.For youngsters, 75th percentile scores are around 570 to 590 in each segment, or around 1150 altogether. An alright PSAT score is one higher than the 50th percentile, which implies you scored higher than half of other test takers. A phenomenal score is a score in the 90th percentile or higher (albeit a 90th percentile score despite everything isn't sufficiently high to meet all requirements for National Merit, as we talk about additional beneath). The accompanying graph showsthe least area and composite scores you'd have to come to the 50th, 75th, 90th, and 99th percentiles on the PSAT. Percentile EBRW Score Math Score Composite Score 50th 510-520 490-500 1000-1010 75th 580-590 570 1150 90th 650-660 640 1280 99th 730 and up 750 and up 1460 and up Source: PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2018 In light of the information in the graph, a decent PSAT score for a lesser is a composite score higher than 1150, an OK score is one higher than a 1010, and a great score is anything higher than a 1280. What Do PSAT Score Percentiles Mean? To see how we picked the scores to speak to great, alright and astounding PSAT scores, and to see how you can decipher PSAT scores yourself,you'll need to find out about PSAT percentiles. As we referenced above, percentilesshow where your scores fall in correlation with the scores of different understudies in your grade.Your PSAT score report will include bunches of score types and information. Among this information, you'll get not one, yet two percentiles contrasting your scores and those of different understudies. These percentiles are known as the Nationally Representative Percentile and the User Percentile. We'll concentrate on User Percentiles, which look at all understudies in an evaluation who regularly take the PSAT. The following is an outline indicating eleventh grade User Percentiles for the whole scope of PSAT scores. This diagram is sourced from theCollege Board's 2018 score report, and you can utilize it to perceive how your scaled area scores convert to User Percentiles. Score EBRW Percentile Math Percentile 760 99+ 99+ 750 99+ 99 740 99 98 730 99 97 720 98 96 710 97 96 700 96 95 690 95 94 680 94 93 670 93 93 660 91 92 650 89 91 640 88 90 630 86 89 620 84 87 610 81 85 600 79 83 590 76 81 580 73 78 570 70 75 560 67 72 550 63 69 540 60 65 530 56 62 520 53 58 510 49 55 500 46 52 490 43 48 480 39 44 470 36 40 460 33 36 450 31 33 440 28 29 430 25 26 420 22 23 410 20 19 400 17 16 390 15 13 380 12 10 370 10 9 360 8 7 350 6 5 340 5 4 330 3 3 320 2 2 310 2 2 300 1 1 290 1 1 280 1 1 270 1- 1 260 1- 1- 250 and beneath 1- 1- As should be obvious, area scores relate fairly diversely to percentiles. To make it into the 99th percentile on EBRW, for example, you'd have to score 730 or above, while to hit the 99th percentile on Math, you'd need a close immaculate 750. Why Are PSAT Scores Important to Juniors? There are two primary ways that PSAT scores can be imperative to youngsters who step through the exam. The PSAT’s most evident object is to assist high with tutoring understudies be more ready for the SAT. The PSAT and SAT have numerous similitudes, so by taking the PSAT from the get-go in your lesser year, you’ll get a gauge of how well you’d do on the SAT. You can utilize this data to make sense of which regions you have to enhance the most, make an investigation plan, and set SAT score objectives for yourself. Be that as it may, the PSAT isn’t only an approach to assist you with perceiving how well you score on the SAT; PSAT scores themselves can really be very significant for youngsters. The second explanation PSAT scores are significant is that, on the off chance that you score sufficiently high, you could meet all requirements for National Merit and the advantages the program offers. Continue perusing to find out additional. What's a Good PSAT Scorefor National Merit? For secondary school youngsters who take the PSAT and score well overall (in the top 1%), there is the chance of turning into a National Merit Semifinalist, which can give you a genuine advantage when applying to universities and perhaps even lead to grants. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation utilizes its own Selection Index to figure out who qualifies as Commended Students and Semifinalists. Understudies who score in thetop 3-4% on the PSAT are named Commended Scholars, and understudies who score in the top 1% are named Semifinalists. How would you compute your Selection Index? Justadd your three PSAT area scores together and duplicate by 2. Suppose you got a 30 in Reading, a 28 in Writing and Language, and a 32 in Math. To get your NMSC Selection Index score, include your segment scores together: 30 + 28 + 32. At that point, duplicate the total by 2. For this situation, your Selection Index score would be 180. As should be obvious in the outline beneath, a Selection Index score of 180 isn't exactly sufficiently high to qualify as a National Merit Semifinalist. Rather, you'll need a Selection Index of 212 or higher, depending onwhere you take the PSAT. To get a smart thought of the score you'll have to turn into a Semifinalist, take a gander at the diagram to fume latest evaluations forstate shorts for National Merit Semifinalists. These were utilized to choose Semifinalists from the October 2017 organization of the PSAT. State Choice Index Cutoff Alabama 216 The Frozen North 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Normal Score 218 As should be obvious, least scores for National Merit fluctuate contingent upon which state you take the PSAT in. Cutoffsregularly shift a fewpoints between years, so on the off chance that you haven't taken the PSAT yet and are focusing on National Merit, you should set your objective Selection Index about2 to 5 focuses higher than the anticipated cutoff for your state. Reward: Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship? In case you don't know you can self-study your way to a passing PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We planned our program to get familiar with your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge measurements and modify your prep to be as compelling as feasible for you. At the point when you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a demonstrative that will decide your shortcomings in more than forty PSAT abilities. PrepScholar then makes an investigation program explicitly altered for you. To improve every ability, you’ll take centered exercises devoted to every expertise, with more than 20 practice questions for each aptitude. This will prepare you for your particular region shortcomings, so your time is constantly burned through most successfully to raise your score. We additionally constrain you to concentrate on understanding your slip-ups and gaining from them. In the event that you commit a similar error again and again, we'll get down on you about it. There’s no other prep framework out there that does it along these lines, which is the reason we show signs of improvement score result

Background and future potential of electronic marketing

Foundation and future capability of electronic showcasing Portray the foundation, current and future capability of e-advertising, e-plan of action, e-showcasing process, and various sorts of e-promoting techniques, contemporary vital e-advertising issues in Viet Nam/another nation. Clarify the basic effect of web and how it changes the conventional showcasing in the parts of division, focusing on, separation, situating, item, value, conveyance, intergrated promoting correspondence and client relationship the board. Bolster your agrument with appropriate models. > Very basically, e-showcasing, which is likewise called as on the web or web advertising, alludes to the blend of mature age promoting standards and methods through electronic media and over the Internet organize. The terms e-promoting, e-business, e-advertising systems and e-showcasing process are much of the time exchanged, and can frequently be viewed as equal. Customarily, promoting has been around for quite a while. Advertising comes in a wide range of structures and has been utilized in various manners since the commencement, yet is truly implied for one thing in particular. Showcasing assists with expanding the productivity of items or administrations. Since the day when people initially began exchanging whatever it was that they originally exchanged, advertising was there. At that point, it was the accounts dealers used to persuade others to exchange. Advertising has made some amazing progress from that point forward; up until a couple of years prior showcasing has all be en done in a similar fundamental technique, yet the Internet has made a huge difference significantly. The manners in which that individuals do advertising and business have changed and improved step by step and now they have become significantly simpler to convey their accounts, items or benefits and get promoting messages out there. E-Marketing comprises of both direct reaction advertising just as backhanded promoting factors while utilizing a wide scope of advancements to get organizations to their clients associated. The Internet, really, has brought billions of individuals from varying backgrounds together inside the scope of any advertiser. By doing so they can arrive at a more extensive commercial center which is still focused for their specific item or administration. The Internet has truly changed the manner in which numerous individuals work together and as it keeps on developing we will see considerably more changes in the manner that e-business is being picked up. This is genuine like never before on account of Vietnam. Given the way that Vietnam has the thirteenth biggest populace on the earth and should not shock anyone that it has the exceptionally huge number of web clients too. Vietnam have an expected in excess of 30 million individuals online constantly of 2010 [1] which represent 15% web infiltration rate. Those web clients spend over half of the recreation time on the web, which adds up to over fifteen hours for every individual in Vietnam every week. Of these clients, 10 million are clients of long range informal communication locales, and more than 20 million are web index clients. Most quite, however, the estimation of online business exchanges in Vietnam arrived at 20000 billion Viet Nam Dong a year ago, that is, 1 billion USD [2]. Likewise, online business is currently being all the more broadly acknowledged by advertisers as a real and valuable instrument of spending publicizing dollars. The online financial framework for the nation is coming. Perhaps the main insights more great than these amounts are their unmatched development rate. Since the year 1999, the quantity of web clients in Vietnam has expanded by over 15000% from under 200 thousand clients to 30 million [3]. The utilization of the web in probably the biggest urban areas, for example, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi has even surpassed half. The utilization of person to person communication destinations has additionally been growing substantially more quickly than anticipated, with the genuine number of clients surpassing expectations by more than 10 million individuals. Considerably more significantly, over the previous year the quantity of online business exchanges developed by 900% while the estimation of these exchanges dramatically increased [4]. Through these raw numbers, while charming in their own right, are significantly more pivotal to the extent that they allude to Vietnams enormous potential for development. Regardless of 30 million individuals who at present utilize the web in Vietnam, still 56 million individuals who are not yet on the web, and keeping in mind that it is credulous to feel that everyone in Vietnam will unavoidably be a web client, if web entrance in Vietnam were to arrive at levels like those of America which an absolutely possible objective of around 75%, this would be an expansion of more than 70 million clients to the web. To these new clients, many would be attracted to web based advertising and business, further growing an effectively lively and powerful market. In particular, those new clients in Vietnam could extend the field of potential clients which can be reached through cautious advertising techniques. As one of the quickest developing economies on the planet regardless of the worldwide budgetary emergency, Vietnams genuine GDP is required to become another 30% continuously 2015 [5], bringing considerably progressively extra cash to the quickly expanding number of web clients in Vietnam, which is a possibility for the future capability of e-promoting, e-plan of action, e-advertising process and various kinds of e-showcasing systems. Does it bode well to not contact this through e-promoting and e-business? By figuring out how to adequately utilize Vietnamese web crawlers, being socially delicate by they way you focus on an outside crowd, and figuring out how to explore the language obstruction, a generally unassuming speculation of time and exertion may deliver profits later. By just interpreting the landing page on the site into English, for instance, to urge individuals to direct business with the item or administration in English, your page will have the option to show up in Viet namese web search tools. With Vietnams quickly extending economy and web client base, it just bodes well to wander forward into Vietnamese e-promoting. Other than these things, issues additionally exist. The contemporary vital e-showcasing issues, be that as it may, are arrangement of imperatives that impede the exhibition of e-promoting in Vietnam. These issues incorporate the accompanying: Innovation: Online promoting requires Vietnamese clients to utilize present day advances instead of customary media; Digital wrongdoing: Vietnamese doesn't have propensity for buying on the web. Numerous clients are reluctant to purchase things by means of the web since they don't know whether their own data will stay private or not; Quality: The worry that clients have with internet business shippers is whether they will get precisely what they buy, which prompts the arrangement that numerous online traders have endeavored to share this worry by putting resources into and building solid brands (for instance: Amazon.com, eBay, Nganluong.vn, Chodientu.vn, and so on), and by utilizing their input rating frameworks just as web based business holding arrangements. Those are endeavors to guarantee clients that their exchanges will be liberated from tricks in light of the fact that the vendors can be trusted to give solid items and administrations. Likewise, the major online installment merchanisms (Mastercards, for example) have additionally given back-end purchaser insurances frameworks to address issues on the off chance that they really happen. Xenophilia: The inclination for remote items consistently is an issue. On account of the improvement procedure of Vietnam and our failure to create most excellent merchandise, extraordinarily innovatively advanced items, Vietnamese clients will in general lean toward purchasing from the more industrialized nations. This makes the advancement procedure of Vietnamese businesses and business life of the individuals increasingly devastated. Creating nations as vietnam comprise over 70% of the universes populace, yet just contribute about 12% of the universes modern creation that frequently support e-advertising in these economies. For what reason should this be the situation, and who is to be accused for the auxiliary disparity and awkwardness? What activities could Vietnam embrace to quicken the pace of industrialization and the advancement so as to help the rhythm of e-advertising? It is by and large felt that Vietnam privately made merchandise are just for poor people, uneducated and the individuals who are not chic, while the utilization of imported merchandise and ventures is taken as a superficial point of interest for the tip top and prosperous in any event, when outside items are of less quality when contrasted with comparable Vietnamese top notch brands. This circumstance makes the development of e-promoting and fulfillment of clients in Vietnam locally troublesome; Significant expense of creation: Internet showcasing has endured in most creating nations like Vietnam on the grounds that basically all creation methods are imported from the created nations. The expense of getting types of gear and different sources of info utilized for creation in Vietnam to support e-showcasing in some cases very hard to purchase. In what capacity would marketers be able to determine these issues? They positively should have appropriate e-showcasing procedures: The imperative criticalness of building up a compelling e-promoting procedure is demonstrated by Michael Porter (2001) who has stated: The key inquiry isn't whether to send Internet innovation, organizations must choose between limited options in the event that they need to remain serious, however how to convey it. [6] An e-promoting methodology is expected to give predictable heading to any associations e-advertising exercises that incorporates with its other showcasing exercises and supports the general destinations of the business. For most organizations, the principal assaults into web based showcasing isn't the consequence of a very much characterized, coordinated e-technique but instead a reaction to contenders exercises and clients need. In the wake of setting up a site for a year or somewhere in the vicinity, promoting staffs and ranking directors in an organization may scrutinize its effectiveness. That is frequently where the requirement for an intelligent e-advertising technique gets clear. As outcome, the beginning stage is the point at which an organization which has a current site and it is auditing the

Reading Pathway Zadie Smith Books

Reading Pathway Zadie Smith Books Zadie Smith was born in NW London to a Jamaican mother and English father. As a child, she enjoyed top-dancing, and she earned money as a jazz singer while at Cambridge University. At the age of 25, Smith published her first, award-winning novel, White Teeth, and the rest was history: the celebrated novelist and essayist is well into a stunning career as one of the best writers of our time. In November 2016, I got the opportunity to see Smith speaking about her newest book at the DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago. She was an author that I’d always been told I would like, but had never read. I decided that if I was going to see her, that would have to change. And so I read four of her novelsâ€"On Beauty, NW, Swing Time, and White Teethâ€"in a row. I like to think that puts me in a particularly good place to give recommendations on how to tackle Zadie Smith books. Reading them all at once gave me such a great sense of who Smith is as an author, and of how her books intersect and twist and evolve over time. This is a guide for where to begin with Zadie Smith booksâ€"and where to go from there. To Begin: On Beauty I believe On Beauty is the best place to begin. While White Teeth is even wider in scope and while NW is very experimental, On Beauty runs the track between the two as it tells the semi-comic tale of two families, the Belsey family in a fictional town outside Boston (very much like Cambridge, Massachusetts) and the Kipps family in Britain. Their connection is defined by the professional academic differences between the two professor fathers, and the family members intertwine in disagreements, affairs, tensions, and academic debates. This novel is packed with feeling and with thoughts on how we could define something like beauty, and the scope is perfect to get a full and inner view of these two families and how they function. Two Options From There: White Teeth White Teeth is perhaps Smith’s most famous novel, considered a modern classic. It focuses on Samad Iqbal, who is Bangladeshi, and Archie Jones, an Englishman, two men who became friends in the war, and their families. It is a satire of British society that digs into everything from Britain’s colonialist history and aftermath of racism to the struggle of one generation to understand what motivates the next. A little more scattered and open-ended than On Beauty, it’s nevertheless a classic for a reason, managing to tell a huge, wide-ranging complex tale in less than 500 pages. NW If you’ve fallen in love with Zadie Smith’s writing, and the way it skips, jumps, and twistsâ€"the way she manages to tie narratives together in satisfying but mysterious knotsâ€"then you might fall in love with NW, my personal favorite Smith Novel. Smith experiments heavily with dialogue and narrationâ€"its format and style changes with each character, detached and even confusing for Leah, succinct for Natalieâ€"while crafting a tale about female friendship, motherhood, and looking back on the past. The novel centers around four locals in Caldwell in northwest London, delving into the experience of growing up in a modern urban neighborhood, of chance encounters and well-trod streets. What Next: If you loved all of them, or some of them, there is plenty more for you to read. Smith is an avid essayist and frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books, and her essays are collected in Feel Free (2012), as well as in Changing My Mind (2010). She also has two more novels for you to dive into: her sophomore novel, The Autograph Man, about a celebrity-obsessed Jewish-Chinese Londoner who sells autographs for a living; and her most recent novel, Swing Time, a complicated look at a childhood friendship, a celebration of dance, and a frank look at diaspora tourism and inequality. What are your favorite Zadie Smith books?

Immanuel Kant s Philosophy On Philosophy - 844 Words

People were lost. They did not know where and what to follow. Therefore, many philosophers came up with ideas to convince people to live  ¨better ¨. Rationalism related with the overview of mathematical approaches into philosophy during the period by the major rationalist figures such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza developed people ´s way of thinking in many different ways. Rationalism is perspective which engages the rational and deductive reason, an opposite structure from personal experience or teachings as the foundation of knowledge or rationalization. Therefore, the concept of rationalism relies on the knowledge that everyday life has a rational configuration in that all aspects of it can remain through facts and knowledge. Proverbs†¦show more content†¦Kant refused the arguments from the empiricists, and kept his statement of reason itself is organized with practices of gained experience and classifications that provides a phenomenal and rational configuratio n to any possible item of empirical experience. Kant’s famous statement of this duty says, â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† Lastly, the perception of Romanticism appeared in encounter with the Enlightenment within the society. The concept was too vague. Philosophers indicated human nature as constant being. The concept of Romanticism had also confronted the culture of church because it disagreed with the thought of human intention and the enlightenment. The philosophers of Romanticism argued and stopped certain church movement due to their various types of emotions and inspiration. Romanticism influenced the society in many religious ways. It mainly served for Roman Catholicism through its exterior characteristic. Romanticism also emphasized individualism. When God told the world to serve one another, Romanticism tried to solve the problem alone. God has allowed freedom of will to all human, yet He specifically stated to live to glorify His name. John 14:13-14 says, and I will do whatever you ask in my name, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son. 14 You may ask me for anything in my name, and IShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper- Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher whose philosophical influences impacted almost every new philosophical idea, theory, concept etc. In a sense, he was considered the central face of contemporary philosophy. Kant spent his whole life in Russia. Starting out as a tutor, to then a professor, he lectured about everything; from geography to obviously philosophy. In his early life, he was raised to emphasize faith and religious feelings over reason and theological principlesRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant s Philosophy Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant in his work â€Å"An answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?† reflects his understanding of immaturity as the main source for not being enlighten(p.41). It is true that Kant animalized human beings ,â€Å"It is so easy to be immature† is best understood as an attack towards human beings’ because of our naivetà ©. It is only normal for us to apprehend knowledge from others. Immanuel Kant emphasize s on the lack of self-esteem, caring, and trustworthiness in ourselves. The lack of zeal toRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Moral Philosophy2217 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: What is moral philosophy? Moral philosophy refers to the branch of philosophy concerned with ethics, in other words, What actions are right or wrong in particular circumstances?. 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Well, accordingRead MoreKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in choices that lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these twoRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Diaz Professor Keedy April 17, 2015 Core Comp. II Discovery Draft Part 2 Third-Breaking down his most important philosophies: I. Present and explain in depth the each of the following: A. How he came up with such ideas. B. Provide example/ apply to life: 1. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: CritiqueRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesStanford Marquis Essay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason andRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1387 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers. Two of these philosophers are John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. 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Development of Agricultural Tools and Machines - 810 Words

Development of Agricultural Tools and Machines The development of machines began in the 1890 s when the first steam tractor and combine were made in California (Meij 3). There was a need to make more efficient use of the labor; therefore, machines were developed (Agripedia 2). By 1914, the combine started to spread outside of California to the rest of the United States (Meij 4). Then in 1928 it spread to Great Britain and then to the Netherlands after World War II (Meij 4). The development of these machines was affected by long run price variation (Meij 4). When prices of grains were high, there were demands for ploughs, seed drills, cultivators, reapers, winnowing machines and others (Meij 5). After 1912, there was a shift from steam†¦show more content†¦The land owners saved money by not having to pay as many labor workers (Meij 43). After all the tools and machines were created, people realized that the intention of farming was to produce food at the lowest price to the customer and therefore at the highest level of p roductivity per acre, per man, and per unit of equipment (Meij 52). To meet this high productivity level on smaller farms the equipment had to be made smaller (Meij 52). Western Germany developed a great range of small tractors for this purpose (Meij 53). In addition, small farms depended on second hand machinery as a source of equipment (Meij 54). There were also machines that could be joint-owned or hired from contractors (Meij 56). These modifications had to be created for small farms in Europe. These time consuming modifications caused difficulties with rapid mechanization among Europe s small farms. Circumstances for Mechanization in the United States As a result of mechanization, the American farmer became on of the world s most productive agriculturists (Meij 65). In addition, mechanization provided to the pleasure and welfare of farm families and to activiness of the labor supply (Meij 65). Mechanization in the United States began during World War I, when there was a shortage of food (Meij 73). This called forth tractors, motor trucks, combines, corn pickers, hay loaders, and tillageShow MoreRelatedThe Industrialization Of The Agriculture Revolution1536 Words   |  7 Pagescourse system, which as it s name states, was established in Norfolk county, England, and which emphasized fodder crops and the absence of the conventionally employed fallow year. One of the most important innovations of the Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow, which is uncultivated or un-used land. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series ofRead MoreMan-vs-Machine: Who Wll Win the War? 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During this period, the American labor force transformed tremendously as the nation evolved from a largely agricultural society into a relatively modern society. Role of Labor Force in the Transition from Agriculture to Industrialization Until the late nineteenth century, theRead MoreProductivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomas Briquettes Manufacturing by Planning Downtime 738 Words   |  3 Pagespredetermined replacement of screw before considerable damage is done. They were found to be significant and aiding quality briquette output and smooth operation which could aid in improving profitability. . Introduction India is predominantly an agricultural country. Every year around 572 million metric ton[1] of crop residues like bagasse, straw, husk, stem, etc are produced and a high percentage of them are used by rural population and industrial sector. In an optimistic estimate total non-fodderRead MoreThe Invention Of The Industrial Revolution1463 Words   |  6 Pagescentury and pre-industrial times, the way one sustained and obtained means for survival transformed fairly insufficiently. However, once the Industrial Revolution ignited throughout Europe, the course one’s of livelihood forever changed. While the Agricultural Revolution was a sufficient step forward in metamorphosing human society, it did not reign like the technological advantages of the industrial revolution. The introduction of mass production, steam engines, cast iron, coal, and textile miles profoundlyRead MoreIndustrial And Bio Energy Needs798 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The world’s population is projected to grow to 9 billion from existing 7 billion by the year 2050. To accommodate the dietary needs of the population, the world’s food production must be increased by about 70% to close that gap. 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In theRead MoreGovernment Of Indi The Four Distributional Aspects Of Agricultural Credit Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe four distributional aspects of agricultural credit. These are: (a) not much improvement in the share of small and marginal farmers . (b) decline in credit-deposit (CD) ratios of rural and semi-urban branches. (c) increase in the share of indirect credit in total agricultural credit and. (d) significant regional inequalities in credit. (Policies for Raising Agricultural Growth and Productivity in India). ( S. Mahendra Dev, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai) The GovernmentRead MoreTypes And Crop Genetic Improvement999 Words   |  4 Pagesefficiency and productivity of the rural hinterland. Infrastructure includes roads, bridges, transport, telecommunication, storage, electricity, sanitation, drainage, drinking water, irrigation, health care, agricultural research, extension services etc. These are indispensable for agricultural development (Fosu et al., 1995; Ahmed, 1996; World Bank, 1994; de Vries, 1960; Ishikawa, 1967; Wharton, 1967; Hirschman, 1958; Lewis, 1955). Structural support is also required for promoting non-farm enterprises inRead MoreChild Labor Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesfactory because of their size, and it was easy to manage them because the factories did not have to worry about paying them more as compared to adults. Further, today in the United States of America, education plays a vital role in an individual’s development. However, in the past children were involuntarily required to sacrifice their educatio n for working in factories during the industrial revolution. Historically it was considered legal since there were no labor laws that prohibited such practice

Trees Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Free Essays

Advantages there would be way more trees therefor more and cleaner oxygen and disadvantages paper and all products made from trees would not be the same if they wernt made out of trees Advantages: 1. Gives us shelter from the hot and humid sun 2. Holds the sand firm to the ground so that it will not be blown by the wind everywhere and the world will not become deserts. We will write a custom essay sample on Trees: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. Help stop global warming by reducing carbon dioxide by breathing it in and gives out oxygen. 4. Being a food producer which provides food for some herbivores. Disadvantages: 1. Conducts electricity when there’s thunder. A disadvantage of cutting down a tree is that trees supply our air with oxygen. Cutting down trees does reduce the oxygen level in our atmosphere; only one would not greatly impact anything though. We live on the oxygen that is in your atmosphere but trees are not the only supplier of that. There are several other contributers but I am not fully aware with how much they help out. What are the advantages and disadvantages for planting trees(plants) in order to reduce CO2 emissions? what you are referring to is called carbon sequestration. t provides jobs and a lot of research to learn more about it and our environment. only so much CO2 can be stored in plants/soil before equilibrium is reached. the bad thing is that anthropogenic global warming theorists are misusing and misinterpreting the data from many of these research projects to try to say that people cause global warming and this is a solution. in the long run a lot of carbon can be sequestered but the natural role of the environment will dictate the CO2 levels through the natural long term warming and cooling cycles where temperature is followed by CO2 levels. Causes And Effcts Of Cutting Trees f the most important parts of the planet we live in. Trees are truly important to the environment, animals, and of course for us humans. They are important for the climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide,, and they are also important for their visual demand. However, the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate. According to some estimates, more than 50 percent of the tree cover has disappeared due to human activity. Although humans have been practicing deforestation since ages Deforestation is the clearance of forests by cutting trees or burning .The truth about Deforestation has been shown. Some people are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Still others don’t even seem to care This essay will discuss the causes and effects of cutting trees in African forests Cutting out trees in African forests has three major causes, the major first causes is that wood is used as a prime resource of energy , as an example trees are cut down in developing countries to be used as a firewood which are used for cooking and heating purpose.Another cause of cutting wood is for economic benefit, trees are the main source for many of our needs from papers to furniture , beside that forests are also cleared in addition to expand urban areas and to make highways and roads ,the third reason is to grow crops and to create a grazing land. For this reason Forests are cut down to create land for grazing farm animals and to clear land for growing crops.As a matter of fact the unawareness of the the bad effects of cutting trees to our environment leads to Irresponsible behavior by people ,many people did not even know that by cutting down trees they are basically committing a murder because the more trees we have the better the oxygen in our environment and vice versa The truth about Deforestation has been shown. Some people are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring†¦ Grow More Trees Grow More Trees Outline 1. 0 Introduction 2. 0 Usefulness of trees 2. 1 How trees are useful 2. 2 Some examples of useful trees 3. 0 Forests 3. 1 What are forests? . 2 Environment and forests 3. 3 Greenhouse effect and global warming 3. 4 Soil conservation 4. 0 Benefits of growing trees 5. 0 Conclusion 1. 0 Introduction: Trees are tall plants with hard and thick stems (trunks). The main trunks of large trees like the mango and the banyan bear many branches, which further divide into smaller branches. Leaves grow on these branches. Branching causes the tree to spread out wide on all sides. Trees are Nature’s wonders and a great gift to mankind as well as to all those who depend on them. While some dependants stay on the trees, others come to them to rest or to feed.Still others use them to raise their offspring. Humans have used almost any and every tree to their benefit. It is very sad that the same humans are destroying trees all over the world in the name of â€Å"development†. This can be to create factories, new townships, wider roads, railways, entertainment centres and so on. They do not realise that they are making a big mistake. 2. 0 Usefulness of trees: 2. 1 How trees are useful: Trees are useful to us in many ways. 1. Food: Trees give us food such as fruits. These provide us with excellent nourishment. 2.Wood: The wood from some trees such as teak, walnut, rosewood and oak is used to make furniture. Wood from other trees is used as fuel for cooking and for warming houses. 3. Paper: Paper is made from wood. 4. Medicines: Many trees are the source of useful modern medicines. 5. Shelter: The canopy of leaves and branches gives us shelter. 6. Climate: Trees provide cool shade. Many trees, for example, in a forest, can make the climate pleasant and the air clean. 7. Rain: Forested areas get better rainfall compared to areas with no tree cover. 8. Oxygen: When trees respire, they release oxygen that all animals need for their†¦ How to cite Trees: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming, Papers

Trees Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming Free Essays

Advantages there would be way more trees therefor more and cleaner oxygen and disadvantages paper and all products made from trees would not be the same if they wernt made out of trees Advantages: 1. Gives us shelter from the hot and humid sun 2. Holds the sand firm to the ground so that it will not be blown by the wind everywhere and the world will not become deserts. We will write a custom essay sample on Trees: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. Help stop global warming by reducing carbon dioxide by breathing it in and gives out oxygen. 4. Being a food producer which provides food for some herbivores. Disadvantages: 1. Conducts electricity when there’s thunder. A disadvantage of cutting down a tree is that trees supply our air with oxygen. Cutting down trees does reduce the oxygen level in our atmosphere; only one would not greatly impact anything though. We live on the oxygen that is in your atmosphere but trees are not the only supplier of that. There are several other contributers but I am not fully aware with how much they help out. What are the advantages and disadvantages for planting trees(plants) in order to reduce CO2 emissions? what you are referring to is called carbon sequestration. t provides jobs and a lot of research to learn more about it and our environment. only so much CO2 can be stored in plants/soil before equilibrium is reached. the bad thing is that anthropogenic global warming theorists are misusing and misinterpreting the data from many of these research projects to try to say that people cause global warming and this is a solution. in the long run a lot of carbon can be sequestered but the natural role of the environment will dictate the CO2 levels through the natural long term warming and cooling cycles where temperature is followed by CO2 levels. Causes And Effcts Of Cutting Trees f the most important parts of the planet we live in. Trees are truly important to the environment, animals, and of course for us humans. They are important for the climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide,, and they are also important for their visual demand. However, the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate. According to some estimates, more than 50 percent of the tree cover has disappeared due to human activity. Although humans have been practicing deforestation since ages Deforestation is the clearance of forests by cutting trees or burning .The truth about Deforestation has been shown. Some people are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Still others don’t even seem to care This essay will discuss the causes and effects of cutting trees in African forests Cutting out trees in African forests has three major causes, the major first causes is that wood is used as a prime resource of energy , as an example trees are cut down in developing countries to be used as a firewood which are used for cooking and heating purpose.Another cause of cutting wood is for economic benefit, trees are the main source for many of our needs from papers to furniture , beside that forests are also cleared in addition to expand urban areas and to make highways and roads ,the third reason is to grow crops and to create a grazing land. For this reason Forests are cut down to create land for grazing farm animals and to clear land for growing crops.As a matter of fact the unawareness of the the bad effects of cutting trees to our environment leads to Irresponsible behavior by people ,many people did not even know that by cutting down trees they are basically committing a murder because the more trees we have the better the oxygen in our environment and vice versa The truth about Deforestation has been shown. Some people are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring†¦ Grow More Trees Grow More Trees Outline 1. 0 Introduction 2. 0 Usefulness of trees 2. 1 How trees are useful 2. 2 Some examples of useful trees 3. 0 Forests 3. 1 What are forests? . 2 Environment and forests 3. 3 Greenhouse effect and global warming 3. 4 Soil conservation 4. 0 Benefits of growing trees 5. 0 Conclusion 1. 0 Introduction: Trees are tall plants with hard and thick stems (trunks). The main trunks of large trees like the mango and the banyan bear many branches, which further divide into smaller branches. Leaves grow on these branches. Branching causes the tree to spread out wide on all sides. Trees are Nature’s wonders and a great gift to mankind as well as to all those who depend on them. While some dependants stay on the trees, others come to them to rest or to feed.Still others use them to raise their offspring. Humans have used almost any and every tree to their benefit. It is very sad that the same humans are destroying trees all over the world in the name of â€Å"development†. This can be to create factories, new townships, wider roads, railways, entertainment centres and so on. They do not realise that they are making a big mistake. 2. 0 Usefulness of trees: 2. 1 How trees are useful: Trees are useful to us in many ways. 1. Food: Trees give us food such as fruits. These provide us with excellent nourishment. 2.Wood: The wood from some trees such as teak, walnut, rosewood and oak is used to make furniture. Wood from other trees is used as fuel for cooking and for warming houses. 3. Paper: Paper is made from wood. 4. Medicines: Many trees are the source of useful modern medicines. 5. Shelter: The canopy of leaves and branches gives us shelter. 6. Climate: Trees provide cool shade. Many trees, for example, in a forest, can make the climate pleasant and the air clean. 7. Rain: Forested areas get better rainfall compared to areas with no tree cover. 8. Oxygen: When trees respire, they release oxygen that all animals need for their†¦ How to cite Trees: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming, Papers

Ben franklin vs sam adams free essay sample

Adams both contributed a great amount to the American Revolution, but who was more important? Well, personally, I believe that Sam Adams contributed just a little more than Franklin. Though Franklin did a lot, Adams did more for the country of America as a whole. During the Revolutionary War, Ben Franklin became Pennsylvania representative to the Second Continental Congress. He was one of the five members that drafted the Declaration of Independence.While Thomas Jefferson was the main author, Ben did make some changes and had an influence on the final draft. One of his key roles in the Revolutionary War was as Ambassador to France. He helped to secure the Treaty of Paris, which got the French army on the side of the Americans and helped to turn the tide of the war. Franklin also took part in the Constitutional Convention and is the only Founding Father to sign all four major documents in the founding of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben franklin vs sam adams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These include the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Treaty of Paris, and the Treaty of Alliance with France. Though Franklin did all of this and helped greatly with the American Revolution, I still believe Samuel Adams to be more important. When the British government passed the Stamp Act of 1765, Adams, became angry that the king would tax the colonies without offering them representation In the government. He began to organize protests against the king and the taxes. He formed a group of patriots called the Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty became an influential group in organizing the patriots against the British. They protested theStamp Act early on by hanging a dummy of a British Tax Agent and throwing rocks through the windows of the tax collectors house. They were also Involved In the Boston Tea Party. The Sons of Liberty movement spread throughout the colonies. The group in New York City was especially strong and used violent protests to scare loyalists during the Revolutionary War. Adams was elected to the Massachusetts Assembly In 1765. He helped to organize the Stamp Act Congress held in New York where the colonies planned a unified response to the Stamp Act.After the Boston Massacre occurred in 1770, Adams worked to get the British army removed from the city. He also organized a way for patriots throughout the colonies to communicate with each other. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1 766, the British government continued to impose taxes on the American colonies. One tax was on tea imported into the colonies. On December 17, 1773 Adams gave a speech to a number of patriots and members of the Sons of Liberty. The people had demanded that the British ships carrying tea In Boston Harbor leave, but the British refused.Later that night, a number of awarded the ships and dumped their tea into the harbor. Adams was selected to represent the Massachusetts colony at the First Continental Congress in 1774. They gathered to send a letter to King George Ill In protest of the taxes. They also planned to meet again. Patriots throughout the colonies began to gather weapons. In Massachusetts, Adams helped to organize the minute-men, a group of militia that was 1 to Concord, Massachusetts in order to destroy patriot weapons that were stored there. They also were going to arrest the patriot leaders Samuel Adams and John .Adams and were warned by Paul Revere after his daring ride. They managed to escape capture, but the Revolutionary War had begun. Adams attended the Second Continental Congress in 1776 where he signed the Declaration of Independence. He also helped to write the Articles of the Confederation. In conclusion, Sam Adams, in my opinion, was and still is Just a bit more important to the American Revolution. Both Benjamin Franklin and Adams contributed much to the revolution and America today, but I still think that Sam Adams is and always will be Just a little more important.

The Horror! Essays - Congo Free State, Heart Of Darkness

The Horror! The Horror! In Heart of Darkness it is the white invaders for instance, who are, almost without exception, embodiments of blindness, selfishness, and cruelty; and even in the cognitive domain, where such positive phrases as "to enlighten," for instance, are conventionally opposed to negative ones such as "to be in the dark," the traditional expectations are reversed. In Kurtz's painting, as we have seen, "the effect of the torch light on the face was sinister" (Watt 332). Ian Watt, author of "Impressionism and Symbolism in Heart of Darkness," discusses about the destruction set upon the Congo by Europeans. The destruction set upon the Congo by Europeans led to the cry of Kurtz's last words, "The horror! The horror!" The horror in Heart of Darkness has been critiqued to represent different aspects of situations in the book. However, Kurtz's last words "The horror! The horror!" refer, to me, to magnify only three major aspects. The horror magnifies Kurtz not being able to restrain hi mself, the colonizers' greed, and Europe's darkness. Kurtz comes to the Congo with noble intentions. He thought that each ivory station should stand like a beacon light, offering a better way of life to the natives. He was considered to be a "universal genius": he was an orator, writer, poet, musician, artist, politician, ivory producer, and chief agent of the ivory company's Inner Station. yet, he was also a "hollow man," a man without basic integrity or any sense of social responsibility. "Kurtz issues the feeble cry, 'The horror! The horror!' and the man of vision, of poetry, the 'emissary of pity, and science, and progress' is gone. The jungle closes' round" (Labrasca 290). Kurtz being cut off from civilization reveals his dark side. Once he entered within his "heart of darkness" he was shielded from the light. Kurtz turned into a thief, murderer, raider, persecutor, and to climax all of his other shady practices, he allows himself to be worshipped as a god. E. N. Dorall, autho r of "Conrad and Coppola: Different Centres of Darkness," explains Kurtz's loss of his identity. Daring to face the consequences of his nature, he loses his identity; unable to be totally beast and never able to be fully human, he alternates between trying to return to the jungle and recalling in grotesque terms his former idealism. Kurtz discovered, A voice! A voice! It rang deep to the very last. It survived his strength to hide in the magnificent folds of eloquence the barren darkness of his heart.... But both the diabolic love and the unearthly hate of the mysteries it had penetrated fought for the possession of that soul satiated with primitive emotions, avid of lying, fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of success and power. Inevitably Kurtz collapses, his last words epitomizing his experience, The horror! The horror! (Dorall 306). The horror to Kurtz is about self realization; about the mistakes he committed while in Africa. The colonizers' cruelty towards the natives and their lust for ivory also is spotlighted in Kurtz's horror. The white men who came to the Congo professing to bring progress and light to "darkest Africa" have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders. The supposed purpose of the colonizers' traveling into Africa was to civilize the natives. Instead the Europeans took the natives' land away from them by force. They burned their towns, stole their property, and enslaved them. "Enveloping the horror of Kurtz is the Congo Free State of Leopold II, totally corrupt though to all appearances established to last for a long time" (Dorall 309). The conditions described in Heart of Darkness reflect the horror of Kurtz's words: the chain gangs, the grove of death, the payment in brass rods, the cannibalism and the human skulls on the fence posts. Africans bound with thongs that contracted in the rain and cut to the bone, had their swollen hands beaten with rifle butts until they fell off. Chaine d slaves were forced to drink the white man's defecation, hands and feet were chopped off for their rings, men were lined up behind each other and shot with one cartridge, wounded prisoners were eaten by maggots till they died and

Free Essays on Pollution Act

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990: A Policy Who’s Time Has Come This article talks about the Prevention Pollution Act of the 1990’s. This particular act signifies an effort to reduce pollution and is an important part of American history. This was an earlier focus on the need to reduce or repair environmental damage by controlling pollutants at the point where they are released to the environment. Pollution was targeted over waterways, public highways, and over private property. Past provisions have not failed just needed to be updated for cleaner air, which is vital for the human body along with our surroundings. The law was enacted as Title VI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, P.L. 101-508, and is codified as 42 USC 13101-13109. The Environmental Protection Agency created a new office to advertise and invent an approach to cleaner air. This office is to bring new policies in front of congress to eliminate the sources of pollution. Auditing and promoting research is part of the process and enables the Environmental Protect ion Agency more authority to fight pollution. Also environmental public records are easier to access for the general public to be informed. Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 required owners and operators of many industrial facilities to report annually on their releases of toxic chemicals to the environment. The Pollution Prevention Act requires these reports to include information about the facility's efforts in source reduction and recycling. The major sections of The Prevention Act include Findings and Policy, definitions, EPA activities, grants to states for technical assistance, source reduction clearing house, source reduction and recycling data, EPA report, saving provisions, and authority of appropriations. This was an innovative procedure our federal government took to supply the Environmental Protection Agency with more authority and tools to util... Free Essays on Pollution Act Free Essays on Pollution Act The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990: A Policy Who’s Time Has Come This article talks about the Prevention Pollution Act of the 1990’s. This particular act signifies an effort to reduce pollution and is an important part of American history. This was an earlier focus on the need to reduce or repair environmental damage by controlling pollutants at the point where they are released to the environment. Pollution was targeted over waterways, public highways, and over private property. Past provisions have not failed just needed to be updated for cleaner air, which is vital for the human body along with our surroundings. The law was enacted as Title VI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, P.L. 101-508, and is codified as 42 USC 13101-13109. The Environmental Protection Agency created a new office to advertise and invent an approach to cleaner air. This office is to bring new policies in front of congress to eliminate the sources of pollution. Auditing and promoting research is part of the process and enables the Environmental Protect ion Agency more authority to fight pollution. Also environmental public records are easier to access for the general public to be informed. Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 required owners and operators of many industrial facilities to report annually on their releases of toxic chemicals to the environment. The Pollution Prevention Act requires these reports to include information about the facility's efforts in source reduction and recycling. The major sections of The Prevention Act include Findings and Policy, definitions, EPA activities, grants to states for technical assistance, source reduction clearing house, source reduction and recycling data, EPA report, saving provisions, and authority of appropriations. This was an innovative procedure our federal government took to supply the Environmental Protection Agency with more authority and tools to util...

Language Variety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Variety - Essay Example At the risk of oversimplification let us ask a fundamental question: What is language "Language is a complicated business. In everyday talk, we use the word 'language' in many different ways. It isn't clear how 'language' should be defined or what the person on the street thinks it actually is!" (Downes, 1998, p.1). We tend to define language differently in different situations. We talk of the incoherent utterances of an infant, as a child's language. When we refer to the melodious intonations of some languages we refer to language in terms of aesthetics. When we talk of language in standardized correctness, we talk of language as grammar. We also talk of language as a skill, a We also tend to define language in terms of the use to which we put it. We talk of legal language. The language used by the legal profession tends to be quite different from our everyday language. We also talk of medical parlance. That is the language used by the medical fraternity. This is again different from the language we use in everyday life. Then you have computer language which is quite distinct from any of the other languages. In a way each specialized profession it seems has its own characteristic language. Chomsky defines language as "a set of very specific universal principles which are intrinsic properties of the human mind and part of our species' genetic endowment" (Chomsky. 1986: 15 ff. as cited in Downes, 1998, p.17). While that may indeed be the best definition of language, the definition of language needs to be examined from a sociolinguistic perspective. What is Sociolinguistics "The most obvious definition of sociolinguistics is that it is the study of language in society" (Schmitt, 2002, p. 150). Schmitt goes on to say that most sociolinguistic studies are basically descriptive, but focus on achieving "scientific objectivity", even when these studies involve intricate influences that society has on language. Sociolinguistic studies also take into consideration "social aspects of language" in a pragmatic way, explaining social influences as accurately as possible. (Schmitt, 2002, p.150) Language Variety 3 A Sociolinguistic Definition of Language Sociolinguistics tends to define language as what the members of a specific society speak. However they also take into consideration the fact that a society may have more than one language or many dialects of the same language, and therefore view language with the conviction that it is not something that is independent of society. (Wardhaugh, 2002, p. ix) Purpose of Language "The notion of discourse is the conceptual link between language and society, looking upwards on the one hand to social structures and cultural meanings and downwards to the nitty-gritty of words and grammar - lexicogrammar - on the other" (Bartlett, n.d, p.113 ). (Bartlett, n.d, p.113) argues that language is a "socially motivated construct" because of what it helps to do. Any language basically serves two purposes: it facilitates interaction and serves as a means of communication. The Common Components of All Languages All languages have three common

Effects of Consuming Ethanol on Body Temperature Research Paper

Effects of Consuming Ethanol on Body Temperature - Research Paper Example The methodology to be used is controlled experimentation on animals such as rats where they will be subjected to a small amount of ethanol and tests conducted to determine the changes in body temperature. The discussion over the results and the effects of ethanol from the experiment will come up followed by the final results and the conclusion. The effects of Ethanol on Body temperature Introduction Ethanol is a psychoactive drug that has been used as a recreational drug for a very long time in the history of man. It is a volatile and flammable colorless liquid that is the basic component of spirits and alcoholic drinks that people consume. Ethanol causes intoxication when consumed and is commonly referred to as alcohol, pure alcohol, spirit or drinking alcohol. Its scientific formula is CH3CH2OH, usually abbreviated as C2H3OH or simply C2H6O (Ligon, 2001). Apart from being used as a recreational drug, ethanol is also used as a solvent in thermometers as well as being used as fuel. I t is also used for medical purposes as an antiseptic and as treatment for poisoning from other types of alcohol (Ligon, 2001). Consumption of ethanol has a wide range of effects on the human body. Ethanol I s regarded as a depressant of the Central Nervous System and has a wide range of side effects on the individual consuming alcohol (Ligon, 2001). Some of the effects are short term while others are long term effects. Once the alcohol is in the body, it can easily diffuse to almost all biological tissues because the cell membranes are highly permeable to ethanol (Grant, and Macdonald, 2005). Alcohol is also highly addictive. This essay will seek to study the effect that alcohol or ethanol has on body temperature, following its use in rescue missions by the St. Bernard’s dogs in cold mountains. Methods To investigate the effect of ethanol on body temperature, it is important to conduct experiments in order to scientifically understand the consequences of alcohol a good experi ment can be conducted using animals such as rats. First fix thermistors in the colons of the rats to determine their body temperature once they are stabilized. Use about 2.0 grams per kilogram or 4.0 grams per kilogram of ethanol for the experiment. Give the animals a constant dosage of 20% ethanol concentration. The concentration can also be determined by comparing it to the weight of the animals. Expose the animals to different temperatures both below and above the room temperature that was used for the experiment. Discussion When of ethanol is consumed, about 20% of it goes in to the stomach, while the other 80% is usually absorbed in the small intestines (Chastain, 2006). The alcohol first has an illusory effect on the body where one thinks that their body is warm immediately after consuming alcohol. This is because the flow of blood in the body creates some warmth on the skin and on the nerve endings. The sensory nerves then convey messages of warmth to the brain. Alcohol produ ces dilatation or relaxation of blood vessels that ramify through an individual’s skin. The dilation occurs as a result of the alcohol causing slight paralysis of the nerves that control the size of blood vessels (Grant, and Macdonald, 2005). This makes the blood vessels to distend a little bit. As a result of this, the body temperature goes down. As a result, more blood will reach the body surface thus radiating or conducting more heat away. Results After the experiment, it was discovered that alcohol acts like any

Intonation In The English Language

Intonation In The English Language Many people think that pronunciation is what makes up an accent. It may be that pronunciation is very important for an understandable accent. But it is intonation that gives the final touch that makes an accent native. Intonation is the music of a language, and is perhaps the most important element of a good accent. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect formation of the sounds of English but with a little something that gives them away as not being native speaker.Therefore, it is necessary to realize that there is more than the correct pronunciation of the vowels and consonants of a language. This is very important and we do stress it in other articles. But it is only one of the three components to an accent, pronunciation, intonation, and linking. In other places we will examine the correct pronunciation of vowels and consonants, and linking, the way that syllables within a word, and the beginning and ending of words come together. Two useful abstractions: To understand how intonational transcription works, you must understand two different kinds of abstractions which the system relies on. The first is a phonetic abstraction, namely that there is something which we can call intonation, a well-defined set of linguistic phenomena all working together to determine the pitch pattern of an utterance. This abstraction is very useful because it is fairly easy to get a good measure of what listeners perceive as the pitch pattern. We can do this by extracting the fundamental frequency of the voiced parts of the utterance, a task which is computationally quite easy. We can then take the fundamental frequency pattern, and analyze it as the result of a set of linguistic categories with a number of specific purposes, and an algorithm which implements the categories as events in the pitch of the utterance. Two points to note here: 1) not all intonational categories have the same function; being an intonational category only means that the category has a specific and categorical effect on the pitch pattern. 2) these categories do not determine all aspects of the pitch pattern; variou s other non-linguistic differences, such as emotional state, degree of involvement in the speech, and individual differences such as ones due to sex, also affect aspects of the pitch pattern. The second is a functional abstraction. These intonational categories can be classified with respect to the two major types of prosodic functions. Prosody can be described as consisting of head mechanisms and edge mechanisms. Head mechanisms are those which act to pick out one piece of an utterance as different than its neighbors, while edge mechanisms indicate which items go with which by marking the edge of a larger grouping. Intonational categories in the English system similarly function either to pick out syllables which are more stressed than their neighbors, or to mark the final edge of a piece of an utterance which is to be interpreted as a group. Edge marking tones boundary tones and phrase tones. The intonational categories which you will likely find most intuitive are the ones which are used to mark edges. One reason for this, I believe, is that the English orthography actually writes some of these differences. For example, consider the following pair of sentences. 1) This is a test sentence. 2) This is a test sentence? If you convert these into speech (by reading them out loud), you will note a very salient difference in the pitch contour at the end. In 1) the pitch falls throughout the last word, often ending with a little bit of creaky voice, while in 2) the pitch rises throughout the last word, perhaps ending higher than anywhere else in the entire sentence. Such differences in pitch pattern reflect discourse-related differences such as is captured by the use of the question mark in 2). At a full stop, our system indicates the possibility of four different contours, the two which appear in likely renditions of 1) and 2), and two more, one which you will likely produce in the non-final members of a slowly rendered list, and one which you might produce when calling someone in for dinner. In the transcription system, you will see these represented in the following way (more or less). The fall in 1) is low throughout, and so is indicated as LL% (two lows with the % indicating the final boundary). The rise in 2) is high throughout, with a very brief rise to a super-high at the end, and so is indicated as HH% (two highs). The so-called list boundary starts low and rises slightly at the end, and so is indicated as LH%. The last one which appears in calling chants is basically high throughout, and differs from the HH% (question marker) in that it does not rise to a super high. Thus, since it is high to start with, it starts with a H, and since it is not as high as the super high at the end, it is relatively low, and so is indicated with a L%. This makes for a neat 4-way distinction as below, given with stereotypical examples of places where you might find them. (Note these are not the only places you will find them!) LL% Terminal fall statements. HH% High plateau with upped high at end covert questions. LH% Low plateau with little rise at end internal to lists. HL% High plateau with no rise to a super-high end of calling chants Head marking tones pitch accents. If you go back and reproduce the items in 1) and 2) again, and this time concentrate on the area aroundtest, you will very likely notice a large difference in pitch pattern in this region in addition to what is going on at the end. The wordtest is a critical portion of the utterance in most prosodic analyses of English, because it is the last item which bears some degree of stress, usually called tonic or sentence stress. I chose this sentence because the words test sentence form a compound, and one of the peculiarities of English compounds is that they are most stressed on the first half. Thus,test is the most stressed syllable in the last content word in the sentence. In stressed locations such as this, English speakers also implement tonal events. Such events are often called pitch accents,, pitch because they involve parts of the pitch pattern, and accents because they are involved in making a particular syllable more prominent. Stressing this syllable makes it stand out from its neighbors. Thus, the tonal events ontest are head-marking events. Here, like the boundary tones just discussed, there are tonal differences associated with different discourse conditions. In 1) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a high pitch somewhere on it, while in 2) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a relatively low pitch. Thus, the difference between vanilla statements and covert questions is not only in the presence of LL% boundary tones in one and in HH% boundary tones in the other, but also in the presence of a H accent in one, but a L accent in the other. Since there is a categorical difference in how you use pitch to stress the tonic item, you need to have a categorical difference between H* and L* accents. (The star here indicates that the tone is associated with the stressed syllable.) In addition to using relatively high and low pitch, there are more complicated rising and falling pitch accents which differ from the simple low and high accents in what they indicate. Our system captures these differences in the local use of pitch in the accent by combining Hs and Ls in various ways to get rises and falls. Thus, in addition to H* which indicates a generally high pitch around the stress and L* which indicates a generally low pitch around the stress, we can also have H+Ls (falling accents), and L+Hs (rising accents). To illustrate the difference between a simple H and a L+H, consider the following two conditions: 3)We will be having you read bunches of utterances for some obscure reason related to why anyone would be interested in linguistics. The first is a test sentence. Its just there for practice. 4)The first is not a real sentence, the first is a test sentence. In producing test sentence in 3), it is likely there will not be an appreciable rise in pitch, while in 4), where it explicitly contrasts with the precedingreal, it is likely that there will be an appreciable rise in pitch from the is a tot est. In fact, it is a general property of contrasting items that they get rendered with a relatively low pitch on the material preceding the stressed item and a sudden rise to a peak on the stressed syllable. If you read over 4) several times, emphasizing the contrast more and more each time, this rising pitch event associated witht est will become more and more apparent.. In 4) the rising accent is seen in the relationship in pitch between the items immediately preceding the stressed syllable and the pitch on the stressed syllable itself. However, there are other examples of rising pitch accents in which the low pitch predominates in the stressed syllable, and the high does not become realized until very late in the syllable or in the following s yllables. Pierrehumbert Hirschberg (1991) discuss fairly clear examples of this accent such as the following: 5) A: Alans such a klutz. B: Hes a good badminton player. Here the intended meaning of the second response is that B is not sure that playing badminton qualifies one as not being a klutz. In the intended rendition there is a low pitch onbad and a rising pitch on the immediately following syllable, and then another fall to a general low ending in LH% phrase tones. Another example they discuss is the following: 6) A: Did you take out the garbage? B: Sort of. A: Sort of!?! Here, the intended rendition of Sort of starts low inso rt and rises, and then falls and rises again at the end. The intended meaning is very much like that in 5), namely, B is not really sure what she did counts as taking out the garbage. As rendition ofsort of in the last line has exactly the same pattern as Bs, a rise throughsort followed by a fall and a rise at the end, though the rises and falls are more exaggerated. Whats important in each of these cases,badminton in 5), and both sort ofs in 6), is that the stressed syllable exhibits a distinctly low pitch and the rise which comes much later than the rise in 4). In order to annotate this difference, Pierrehumbert used the * to indicate which part of the contour is to be associated with the stressed syllable. Thus, the contour in 4) is annotated as a L+H*, since the H part appears on the stressed syllable, and the L part simply comes some time before it. By contrast, the contour in 5) and 6) is annotated as a L*+H, since the L part happens on the stressed syllable, and the H part appears some time thereafter. Pitch Range. : One final aspect of intonational modeling must also be mentioned, that is the notion of pitch range. As I noted above, the tone category sequences do not all by themselves determine the pitch contour for an utterance, but other non-linguistic (non- conventionalized) factors also affect the final realization of pitch. One approach to handling these less conventionalized effects, such as what may be due to emotional involvement, is to allow for modulation of the overall range of the pitch movements. The general approach used in most models is to specify a pitch window, which indicates the range of pitch to be used at any given time. The top of the window is where you find the Hs and the bottom of the window is where you find the Ls. This window can be affected by a number of different factors, which work in different ways. Some factors are global in that they typically affect a large portion of speech. Take, for instance, the effects of emotional involvement. When people get irate, the re is a strong likelihood that the both Hs and Ls will be higher, and that the difference between the Hs and Ls will be bigger. This larger and higher window will often affect entire sentences. You will also likely find such global shifts in window size if you examine how people do narratives which include parentheticals and quotations. Parentheticals often are rendered with a narrower window, while quotes often involve a larger window. Other factors which affect pitch range can be localized to one particular location in the utterance. The most commented upon is the effect of downstep (sometimes called catathesis). Downstep is a very regular lowering and narrowing of the pitch range which happens in the presence of the accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, any tone which is composed of two tones (the rising L+H and falling H+L accents) also trigger downstep. You can easily imagine this effect in an emphatic rendition of the following sentence. 7)I dont want horses and dogs; I want sheep and cats. If you are contrasting horses with sheep and dogs with cats, you will very likely produce this sentence with L+H accents on all four items (probably L*+H onhorses anddogs, and L+H* onsheep andcat s). If you do so, you will also notice that the second item in each list,dogs andcat s, will both be lower in pitch than the first,horse s, andsheep. This conventionalized lowering is taken to be due to the downstepping effect of the complex rising accents. One can also see this conventionalized downstepping very clearly in phrases with multiple accents rendered in a finger-wagging lecturing style where the clear intent of the style is to indicate that you should know this by now. For example, 8) You just dont seem to get it. Insert tab A into slot B. Repeat it four times. In this situation, the rendition of the last two sentences, which we can assume have been rendered several times before in the extended discourse, will likely not exhibit huge rising or falling accents. Nevertheless, I have heard this sort sentence produced with clear downsteps between each accent. Due to sentences like these, one must conclude that the occurrence of downstep does not necessarily demand the obvious existence of rising or falling accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, this is due to the H*+L tone category which is locally the same as a plain H*, except that it triggers the lecturing downstep effect. In other systems, such as the ToBI revision, this downstepping is marked with an explicit marker (an exclamation point placed before the affected accent.

Employment Essay

1. Using your adopted business or current place of employment as your primary example, please answer the following question. Do you think that most people are satisfied or dissatisfied with their work? What factors primarily contribute to their satisfaction or dissatisfaction? Using my current place of employment, I am going to say that I think most people are satisfied with their work. The factors that seem most important are that they enjoy the kind of work they’re doing and they do enjoy the coworkers. I think most of the people I work with would say they don’t love their job but they don’t hate it either. Most of the employees have a strong work ethic as far as being employed there many years and absenteeism is not a problem. Attitudes are not the greatest among us all of the time, but that is to be expected. 2. How can a participative management program enhance employee satisfaction at your current place of employment? In this type of program, employees are given a voice in how they do their jobs and in how the business is managed. I think this would help enhance employee satisfaction by making employees feel more committed to goals they have helped create. Morale is boosted when a commitment goes more noticed. I think employees would also feel more satisfaction because they would feel more involved and like they mattered. 3. Describe what you would tell a low-skill worker performing a simple and possible mundane task or job who wants more challenge and enjoyment from work. Using my current place of employment as an example, I would tell that specific employee to voice his/her concerns to management. If they show a sense of confidence in their performance to management, then maybe management will also have confidence allowing the employee to take on a more challenging position or task. I would also suggest to the employee to set goals for him or herself. When goals are met, there is much more satisfaction felt. 4. Some evidence suggests that recent college graduates show high levels of job satisfaction. Levels then drop dramatically as they reach their late twenties, only to increase gradually once they get older. What might account for this pattern? Maybe they are not being challenged enough for them or maybe the job has become too monotonous for them. After some time, maybe enjoyment is lost for the job. After the â€Å"honeymoon stage† of initially getting the job, everything becomes routine, and people start to become unhappy. 5. What motivating factor works the best for you  at your current job? The most important one for me is money. I have a family to support and bills to pay. They are my priorities that I have to take care of or were left without our basic needs and wants. My next most important factor is the friendships I have developed with my coworkers at my job. They are essentially a 2nd family to me. I am closer to some then others and have developed a sense of trust in these friendships.

Marketing Dunkin Donuts Essay

Dunkin Donuts builds long term customer relationships by being consistent with their marketing strategy. They have maintained an everyday value since they opened their doors fifty years ago. They have met their customers’ expectations by not changing recipes. The coffee tastes the same no matter what store you go into. Dunkin Donuts also has a lengthy training class so they can maintain their quality in the kitchen as well as customer service. Dunkin Donuts maintains customer relations by fully meeting the customers’ expectations. When a customer enters a store they know exactly what to expect, no surprises or disappointments. Dunkin Donuts value proposition is value and quality. Dunkin Donuts has always made their products a value. Starbucks has the expensive coffee; Dunkin Donuts has the value coffee. Dunkin Donuts has also maintained their quality as well. They have kept the same ingredients and recipes; everything tastes the same as fifty years ago. By maintain the quality and value the customer knows exactly what to expect when he or she walks through the door. Dunkin Donuts is growing its share of customers. Dunkin Donuts has maintained its coffee and donuts, but has also grown with the times to gain more customers. Dunkin Donuts now offers a variety of coffee drinks such as cappuccinos and iced coffees. The company also sells breakfast sandwiches and cookies too. The coffee is mostly what keeps customers coming back for more, but now there is more of a variety to please everyone.

Essay on Racism - 579 Words

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Human Rights are basic fundamental rights,†¦show more content†¦Regardless of any actions, any laws, written, spoken, or left unsaid, a mark has been made in the minds of all people, whether their ancestors were enslaved, or slave owners, rich, poor, racist, or civil rights activist, as a result of what has taken place in the past. People still consciously and unconsciously are racist, make race related comments, and stereotype based on nationality, religion, skin color, sexual affiliation, and gender, this is generally not a good thing. As all people are entitled to their own ideas or opinions, that being a civil right, I cannot say that racism is wrong entirely, but when people are being discriminated against, harassed, or having their rights violated, that is wrong. 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